Inventions-Things that changed the world

1500 BC-400 BC - The Olmec Indians are believed to be the first to grow cocoa beans as a domestic crop.

250 to 900 CE - The consumption of cocoa beans was restricted to the Mayan society's elite, in the form of an unsweetened cocoa drink made from the ground beans.

AD 600 - Mayans migrate into northern regions of South America establishing earliest known cocoa plantations in the Yucatan.

14th Century - The drink became popular among the Aztec upper classes who upsurped the cocoa beverage from the Mayans and were the first to tax the beans. The Aztecs called it "xocalatl" meaning warm or bitter liquid.

1502 - Columbus encountered a great Mayan trading canoe in Guanaja carrying cocoa beans as cargo.

1519 - Spanish explorer Hernando Cortez recorded the cocoa usage in the court of Emperor Montezuma.

1544 - Dominican friars took a delegation of Kekchi Mayan nobels to visit Prince Philip of Spain. The Mayans brought gift jars of beaten cocoa , mixed and ready to drink. Spain and Portugal did not export the beloved drink to the rest of Eurpoe for nearly a century.

16th Century Europe - The Spanish began to add cane sugar and flavorings such as vanilla to their sweet cocoa beverages.

1570 - Cocoa gained popularity as a medicine and aphrodisiac.

1585 - First official shipments of cocoa beans began arriving in Seville from Vera Cruz, Mexico.

1657 - The first chocolate house was opened in London by a Frenchman. The shop was called the The Coffee Mill and Tobacco Roll. Costing 10 to 15 shillings per pound, chocolate was considered a beverage for the elite class.

1674 - Eating solid chocolate was introduced in the form of chocolate rolls and cakes, served in chocolate emporiums.

1730 - Cocoa beans had dropped in price from $3 per lb. to being within the financial reach of those other than the very wealthy.

1732 - French inventor, Monsieur Dubuisson invented a table mill for grinding chocolate.

1753 - Swedish naturalist, Carolus Linnaeus was dissatisfied with the word "cocoa," so renamed it "theobroma," Greek for "food of the gods."

1765 - Chocolate was introduced to the United States when Irish chocolate-maker John Hanan imported cocoa beans from the West Indies into Dorchester, Massachusetts, to refine them with the help of American Dr. James Baker. The pair soon after built America's first chocolate mill and by 1780, the mill was making the famous BAKER'S ® chocolate.

1795 - Dr. Joseph Fry of Bristol, England, employed a steam engine for grinding cocoa beans, an invention that led to the manufacture of chocolate on a large factory scale.

1819 - The pioneer of Swiss chocolate-making, François Louis Callier, opened the first swiss chocolate factory.

1828 - The invention of the cocoa press, by Conrad Van Houten, helped cut prices and improve the quality of chocolate by squeezing out some of the cocoa butter and giving the beverage a smoother consistency. Conrad Van Houten patented his invention in Amsterdam and his alkalizing process became known as "Dutching".

1847 - Joseph Fry & Son discovered a way to mix some of the cocoa butter back into the "Dutched" chocolate, and added sugar, creating a paste that could be molded. The result was the first modern chocolate bar.

1849 - Joseph Fry & Son and Cadbury Brothers displayed chocolates for eating at an exhibition in Bingley Hall, Birmingham, England.

1851 - Prince Albert's Exposition in London was the first time that Americans were introduced to bonbons, chocolate creams, hand candies (called "boiled sweets"), and caramels.

1861 - Richard Cadbury created the first known heart-shaped candy box for Valentine's Day.

1868 - John Cadbury mass-marketed the first boxes of chocolate candies.

1876 - Daniel Peter of Vevey, Switzerland, experimented for eight years before finally inventing a means of making milk chocolate for eating.

1879 - Daniel Peter and Henri Nestlé joined together to form the Nestlé Company.

1879 - Rodolphe Lindt of Berne, Switzerland, produced a more smooth and creamy chocolate that melted on the tongue. He invented the "conching" machine. To conch meant to heat and roll chocolate in order to refine it. After chocolate had been conched for seventy-two hours and had more cocoa butter added to it, it was possible to create chocolate "fondant" and other creamy forms of chocolate.

1897 - The first known published recipe for chocolate brownies appeared in the Sears and Roebuck Catalogue.

1910 - Canadian, Arthur Ganong marketed the first nickel chocolate bar.

1913 - Swiss confiseur Jules Sechaud of Montreux introduced a machine process for manufacturing filled chocolates.

1926 - Belgian chocolatier, Joseph Draps starts the Godiva Company to compete with Hershey's and Nestle's American market.

Ruth Wakefield invented Chocolate Chip Cookies. Ruth Graves Wakefield graduated from the Framingham State Normal School Department of Household Arts in 1924. She worked as a dietitian and lectured on food, until, together with her husband she bought a tourist lodge named the Toll House Inn.

Ruth Wakefield prepared the recipes for the meals served to the guests at the Inn and gained local notoriety for her deserts. One of her favorite recipes was for Butter Drop Do cookies. The recipe called for the use of baker's chocolate and one day Ruth found herself without the needed ingredient. She substituted a semi-sweet chocolate bar cut up into bits. However, unlike the baker's chocolate the chopped up chocolate bar did not melt completely, the small pieces only softened.

As it so happened the chocolate bar had been a gift from Andrew Nestle of the Nestle Chocolate Company. As the Toll House chocolate chip cookie recipe became popular, sales of Nestle's semi-sweet chocolate bar increased. Andrew Nestle and Ruth Wakefield struck a deal. Nestle would print the Toll House Cookie recipe on its packaging and Ruth Wakefield would have a lifetime supply of Nestle chocolate.

Why do young people feel the need to break away from their parents?

Why do young people feel the need to break away from their parents?

We are born, and live with our parents. They maintenance us, paying our education, our holidays, to our…what year? Do we now when its time to separate from our parents, and start to live on our self’s? And when we decide to leave our home, are we sure that, we are ready to live alone, and paying our expense’s by our self’s, and work so we can afford that expense’s? It’s a question that tortures us the young people, and our parents, and the answer it depends individually…

I think that we should separate from our parents, on our 17 or 18 year. It’s a good age to live on our own, to start working and stop asking money from our parents for everything, to start making meals not always waiting for our mum to feed us, to start wash up our self’s, the money we earn we need to learn where to spend them, and so on, and so on… Those things are the most simple and the most needed things in the usually life. And those things, we could learn at home, but we won’t learn them, like we could on our own, or with some roommates. But, not everything is good to get out from home on 17 or 18. Why? Wheel, there are some young people that they can’t without their parents, because their so strong connection, or because they have some problems with their health. But, and when you are not home, with nobody’s supervision on your head, you feel the freedom to do whatever you want, and in same cases to do staff which are out of limit. Those staff could be drinking very often alcohol and causes an illness, to start drugging, and to start to beehive unusually, and the consequences could be tragic, like the HIV virus, or other dangerous diseases.

So, I have many friends who are not leaving with their parents while they are studding in other town. And they are leaving with roommates. At someone the roommates are great, and they convenience them in everything. But, on the other side, the roommates are totally disaster. They don’t clean, don’t prepare lunch, they always have guest, and it’s just unsupportable.

So, if you choose to leave your parents at your 17 or 18, you must choose good roommates who are compatibly to you, and you have to beehive correctly. But, if you choose to stay with your parents until you graduated, you must now, that after that it’s a time to start to live a new life with the first step to separate from your parents. Its on you to choose…

Role play

Jamie is driving with his girlfriend around the town and like usually hi is telling her some his jokes trying to impress her, but hi don’t devote oneself to the road, so the policeman notice him, and he start driving behind them, and talk to them thru the megaphone...

P: Please, stop the car!

(Jamie is stopping, but hi doesn’t want to park and get out from the car...)

J: But…Why officer? I could stay here…Right?

P: I said stop the car, so I could check you’re diving documents.

J: But…Officer…I will be ashamed in front of my girlfriend…Please, can you let me go?

P: Are you deaf? Park the car, and get out right now!

J: All right…If you insist…But is it really…really necessary?

P: …L…L…

J: Ok…Ok

P: Now, give me the driving documents!

J: What? What documents?

P: …What’s your name?

J: Oh, it’s Jamie (and hi is reading his name on his shirt) Poll. Nice to meet you…J

P: I didn’t mean to met you, and get you on coffee. I need your name and address and check your documents.

J: Why you want to tamper thru my staff?

P: Are you aware why I stop you, and why I need your documents?

J: Why?

P: Are taking me for a full?

J: No, no, how can you think that? ...Now, slowly, don’t be nervous, and tell me what you need?

P: L…L…L… Please, go, go, as fast as you can, so I can’t see your face no longer than 3 sec from now…GO!!!

J: I told you from the beginning to let me go… but you “ no, stop the car…stop the car “

P: GOOOOOO!!!!!

(Jamie start the car, and run out…with a smile… a big smile on his face…)

Life in 2050

LIFE IN 2050

Everyone imagine his life with no problems, with no need to work, and just to nave money. Like the time is passing, the technology is growing, and growing, and it’s started to change a lot of habits and things around us. Somebody think that it’s better on that way, but somebody doesn’t. Now is 2007, and we have everything that we could wish. So, from today after 43 years, what will be our way of leaving? How many things will be changed? Is there anyone to tell, or predict what will be the life in 2050?

I couldn’t…So if can anyone could, can he leave me a comment with his prediction, so I could have a little imagine what will be the life in 2050… Thanks!!!